https://www.robsiegwart.com/2021-06-09T00:00:00-05:002021-06-09T00:00:00-05:002021-06-09T00:00:00-05:00Rob Siegwarttag:www.robsiegwart.com,2021-06-09:/unified-thread-tables.html

<p class="first last">Tables for threads in UNC and UNF including derived properties such as tensile area and tensile area-equivalent diameter.</p>

<p>Thread tables for Unified coarse and fine threads along with tensile area and equivalent tensile area diameter per equation A-3-7 from Ref <a class="footnote-reference" href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-reference-1">[2]</a>. Tap drills are for 75% thread engagement, per Tables 3 and 4 of Ref <a class="footnote-reference" href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-reference-2">[1]</a> of section &quot;Threading&quot;.</p> <div class="section" id="unc"> <h2>UNC</h2> <table class="full-width-table"> <thead> <th>Size, Number or Inches</th> <th>Basic Major Diameter (in)</th> <th>TPI</th> <th>Tensile Area, in²</th> <th>Tensile Area Diameter, in</th> <th>Tap Drill No</th> <th>Tap Drill Size, in</th> <th>Clearance Drill (Close)</th> <th>Clearance Size (Close), in</th> <th>Clearance Drill (Free)</th> <th>Clearance Size (Free), in</th> </thead> <tr> <td>0</td> <td>0.0600</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>52</td> <td>0.0635</td> <td>50</td> <td>0.07</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>0.0730</td> <td>64</td> <td>0.0026</td> <td>0.058</td> <td>53</td> <td>0.0595</td> <td>48</td> <td>0.076</td> <td>46</td> <td>0.081</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>0.0860</td> <td>56</td> <td>0.0037</td> <td>0.069</td> <td>50</td> <td>0.07</td> <td>43</td> <td>0.089</td> <td>41</td> <td>0.096</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>0.0990</td> <td>48</td> <td>0.0049</td> <td>0.079</td> <td>47</td> <td>0.0785</td> <td>37</td> <td>0.104</td> <td>35</td> <td>0.11</td> </tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>0.1120</td> <td>40</td> <td>0.0060</td> <td>0.088</td> <td>43</td> <td>0.089</td> <td>32</td> <td>0.116</td> <td>30</td> <td>0.1285</td> </tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>0.1250</td> <td>40</td> <td>0.0080</td> <td>0.101</td> <td>38</td> <td>0.1015</td> <td>30</td> <td>0.1285</td> <td>29</td> <td>0.136</td> </tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>0.1380</td> <td>32</td> <td>0.0091</td> <td>0.108</td> <td>36</td> <td>0.1065</td> <td>27</td> <td>0.144</td> <td>25</td> <td>0.1495</td> </tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>0.1640</td> <td>32</td> <td>0.0140</td> <td>0.134</td> <td>29</td> <td>0.136</td> <td>18</td> <td>0.1695</td> <td>16</td> <td>0.177</td> </tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>0.1900</td> <td>24</td> <td>0.0175</td> <td>0.149</td> <td>25</td> <td>0.1495</td> <td>9</td> <td>0.196</td> <td>7</td> <td>0.201</td> </tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>0.2160</td> <td>24</td> <td>0.0242</td> <td>0.175</td> <td>16</td> <td>0.177</td> <td>2</td> <td>0.221</td> <td>1</td> <td>0.228</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1/4</td> <td>0.25</td> <td>20</td> <td>0.0318</td> <td>0.201</td> <td>7</td> <td>0.201</td> <td>F</td> <td>0.257</td> <td>H</td> <td>0.266</td> </tr> <tr> <td>5/16</td> <td>0.3125</td> <td>18</td> <td>0.0524</td> <td>0.258</td> <td>F</td> <td>0.257</td> <td>P</td> <td>0.323</td> <td>Q</td> <td>0.332</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3/8</td> <td>0.375</td> <td>16</td> <td>0.0775</td> <td>0.314</td> <td>5/16</td> <td>0.3125</td> <td>W</td> <td>0.386</td> <td>X</td> <td>0.397</td> </tr> <tr> <td>7/16</td> <td>0.4375</td> <td>14</td> <td>0.1063</td> <td>0.368</td> <td>U</td> <td>0.368</td> <td>29/64</td> <td>0.4531</td> <td>15/32</td> <td>0.4687</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1/2</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>13</td> <td>0.1419</td> <td>0.425</td> <td>27/64</td> <td>0.4219</td> <td>33/64</td> <td>0.5156</td> <td>17/32</td> <td>0.5312</td> </tr> <tr> <td>9/16</td> <td>0.5625</td> <td>12</td> <td>0.1819</td> <td>0.481</td> <td>31/64</td> <td>0.4844</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>5/8</td> <td>0.625</td> <td>11</td> <td>0.2260</td> <td>0.536</td> <td>17/32</td> <td>0.5312</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>3/4</td> <td>0.75</td> <td>10</td> <td>0.3345</td> <td>0.653</td> <td>21/32</td> <td>0.6562</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>7/8</td> <td>0.875</td> <td>9</td> <td>0.4617</td> <td>0.767</td> <td>49/64</td> <td>0.7656</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>8</td> <td>0.6057</td> <td>0.878</td> <td>7/8</td> <td>0.875</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>1 1/8</td> <td>1.125</td> <td>7</td> <td>0.7633</td> <td>0.986</td> <td>63/64</td> <td>0.9844</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>1 1/4</td> <td>1.25</td> <td>7</td> <td>0.9691</td> <td>1.111</td> <td>1 7/64</td> <td>1.1094</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>1 5/16</td> <td>1.3125</td> <td>7</td> <td>1.0812</td> <td>1.173</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>1 3/8</td> <td>1.375</td> <td>6</td> <td>1.1549</td> <td>1.213</td> <td>1 7/32</td> <td>1.2187</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>1 1/2</td> <td>1.5</td> <td>6</td> <td>1.4052</td> <td>1.338</td> <td>1 11/32</td> <td>1.3437</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>1 5/8</td> <td>1.625</td> <td>6</td> <td>1.6802</td> <td>1.463</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>1 3/4</td> <td>1.75</td> <td>5</td> <td>1.8995</td> <td>1.555</td> <td>1 9/16</td> <td>1.5625</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>1 7/8</td> <td>1.875</td> <td>5</td> <td>2.2171</td> <td>1.680</td> <td>1 11/16</td> <td>1.6875</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>4.5</td> <td>2.4982</td> <td>1.783</td> <td>1 25/32</td> <td>1.7812</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>2 1/4</td> <td>2.25</td> <td>4.5</td> <td>3.2477</td> <td>2.033</td> <td>2 1/32</td> <td>2.0312</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>2 1/2</td> <td>2.5</td> <td>4</td> <td>3.9988</td> <td>2.256</td> <td>2 1/4</td> <td>2.25</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>2 3/4</td> <td>2.75</td> <td>4</td> <td>4.9340</td> <td>2.506</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>3</td> <td>4</td> <td>5.9674</td> <td>2.756</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>3 1/4</td> <td>3.25</td> <td>4</td> <td>7.0989</td> <td>3.006</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>3 1/2</td> <td>3.5</td> <td>4</td> <td>8.3286</td> <td>3.256</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>3 3/4</td> <td>3.75</td> <td>4</td> <td>9.6565</td> <td>3.506</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>4</td> <td>4</td> <td>11.0825</td> <td>3.756</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> </table></div> <div class="section" id="unf"> <h2>UNF</h2> <table class="full-width-table"> <thead> <th>Size, Number or Inches</th> <th>Basic Major Diameter (in)</th> <th>TPI</th> <th>Tensile Area, in²</th> <th>Tensile Area Diameter, in</th> <th>Tap Drill No</th> <th>Tap Drill Size, in</th> <th>Clearance Drill (Close)</th> <th>Clearance Size (Close), in</th> <th>Clearance Drill (Free)</th> <th>Clearance Size (Free), in</th> </thead> <tr> <td>0</td> <td>0.060</td> <td>80</td> <td>0.0018</td> <td>0.048</td> <td>3/64</td> <td>0.0469</td> <td>52</td> <td>0.0635</td> <td>50</td> <td>0.07</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>0.073</td> <td>72</td> <td>0.0028</td> <td>0.059</td> <td>53</td> <td>0.0595</td> <td>48</td> <td>0.076</td> <td>46</td> <td>0.081</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>0.086</td> <td>64</td> <td>0.0039</td> <td>0.071</td> <td>50</td> <td>0.07</td> <td>43</td> <td>0.089</td> <td>41</td> <td>0.096</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>0.099</td> <td>56</td> <td>0.0052</td> <td>0.082</td> <td>45</td> <td>0.082</td> <td>37</td> <td>0.104</td> <td>35</td> <td>0.11</td> </tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>0.112</td> <td>48</td> <td>0.0066</td> <td>0.092</td> <td>42</td> <td>0.0935</td> <td>32</td> <td>0.116</td> <td>30</td> <td>0.1285</td> </tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>0.125</td> <td>44</td> <td>0.0083</td> <td>0.103</td> <td>37</td> <td>0.104</td> <td>30</td> <td>0.1285</td> <td>29</td> <td>0.136</td> </tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>0.138</td> <td>40</td> <td>0.0101</td> <td>0.114</td> <td>33</td> <td>0.113</td> <td>27</td> <td>0.144</td> <td>25</td> <td>0.1495</td> </tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>0.164</td> <td>36</td> <td>0.0147</td> <td>0.137</td> <td>29</td> <td>0.136</td> <td>18</td> <td>0.1695</td> <td>16</td> <td>0.177</td> </tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>0.19</td> <td>32</td> <td>0.0200</td> <td>0.160</td> <td>21</td> <td>0.159</td> <td>9</td> <td>0.196</td> <td>7</td> <td>0.201</td> </tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>0.216</td> <td>28</td> <td>0.0258</td> <td>0.181</td> <td>14</td> <td>0.182</td> <td>2</td> <td>0.221</td> <td>1</td> <td>0.228</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1/4</td> <td>0.25</td> <td>28</td> <td>0.0364</td> <td>0.215</td> <td>3</td> <td>0.213</td> <td>F</td> <td>0.257</td> <td>H</td> <td>0.266</td> </tr> <tr> <td>5/16</td> <td>0.3125</td> <td>24</td> <td>0.0581</td> <td>0.272</td> <td>I</td> <td>0.272</td> <td>P</td> <td>0.323</td> <td>Q</td> <td>0.332</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3/8</td> <td>0.375</td> <td>24</td> <td>0.0878</td> <td>0.334</td> <td>Q</td> <td>0.332</td> <td>W</td> <td>0.386</td> <td>X</td> <td>0.397</td> </tr> <tr> <td>7/16</td> <td>0.4375</td> <td>20</td> <td>0.1187</td> <td>0.389</td> <td>25/64</td> <td>0.3906</td> <td>29/64</td> <td>0.4531</td> <td>15/32</td> <td>0.4687</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1/2</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>20</td> <td>0.1600</td> <td>0.451</td> <td>29/64</td> <td>0.4531</td> <td>33/64</td> <td>0.5156</td> <td>17/32</td> <td>0.5312</td> </tr> <tr> <td>9/16</td> <td>0.5625</td> <td>18</td> <td>0.2030</td> <td>0.508</td> <td>33/64</td> <td>0.5156</td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>5/8</td> <td>0.625</td> <td>18</td> <td>0.2560</td> <td>0.571</td> <td>37/64</td> <td>0.5781</td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>3/4</td> <td>0.75</td> <td>16</td> <td>0.3730</td> <td>0.689</td> <td>11/16</td> <td>0.6875</td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>7/8</td> <td>0.875</td> <td>14</td> <td>0.5095</td> <td>0.805</td> <td>13/16</td> <td>0.8125</td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>12</td> <td>0.6630</td> <td>0.919</td> <td>59/64</td> <td>0.9219</td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>1 1/8</td> <td>1.125</td> <td>12</td> <td>0.8557</td> <td>1.044</td> <td>1 </span>3/64</td> <td>1.0469</td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>1 1/4</td> <td>1.25</td> <td>12</td> <td>1.0729</td> <td>1.169</td> <td>1 </span>11/64</td> <td>1.1719</td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>1 5/16</td> <td>1.3125</td> <td>12</td> <td>1.1908</td> <td>1.231</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>1 3/8</td> <td>1.375</td> <td>12</td> <td>1.3147</td> <td>1.294</td> <td>1 </span>19/64</td> <td>1.2969</td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>1 1/2</td> <td>1.5</td> <td>12</td> <td>1.5810</td> <td>1.419</td> <td>1 </span>27/64</td> <td>1.4219</td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> </table></div> <div class="section" id="references"> <h2>References</h2> <table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="footnote-1" rules="none"> <colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup> <tbody valign="top"> <tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#footnote-reference-2">[1]</a></td><td>Machinery's Handbook, 28th Edition. Industrial Press.</td></tr> </tbody> </table> <table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="footnote-2" rules="none"> <colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup> <tbody valign="top"> <tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#footnote-reference-1">[2]</a></td><td>ANSI/AISC 360-16, Specification for Structural Steel Buildings.</td></tr> </tbody> </table> </div> 2021-05-17T00:00:00-05:002021-05-20T00:00:00-05:00Rob Siegwarttag:www.robsiegwart.com,2021-05-17:/astm-a36.html

<p class="first last">Summary of properties for ASTM A36</p>

<p><strong>ASTM A36/A36M - 05</strong> - <em>Standard Specification for Carbon Structural Steel</em></p> <div class="section" id="mechanical-properties"> <h2>Mechanical Properties</h2> <div class="section" id="strength"> <h3>Strength</h3> <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="40%" /> <col width="60%" /> </colgroup> <tbody valign="top"> <tr><td>Tensile</td> <td>58 - 80 ksi</td> </tr> <tr><td>Yield</td> <td>36 ksi</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="section" id="strain"> <h3>Strain</h3> <div class="section" id="plates-and-bars"> <h4>Plates and Bars</h4> <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="77%" /> <col width="23%" /> </colgroup> <tbody valign="top"> <tr><td>Elongation in 8 in</td> <td>20%</td> </tr> <tr><td>Elongation in 2 in</td> <td>23%</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="section" id="shapes"> <h4>Shapes</h4> <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="77%" /> <col width="23%" /> </colgroup> <tbody valign="top"> <tr><td>Elongation in 8 in</td> <td>20%</td> </tr> <tr><td>Elongation in 2 in</td> <td>21%</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="chemical-properties"> <h2>Chemical Properties</h2> <p>All shapes and sizes:</p> <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="59%" /> <col width="41%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr><th class="head">Element</th> <th class="head">Range, %</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr><td>Carbon</td> <td>0.25 - 0.29</td> </tr> <tr><td>Manganese</td> <td>0.6 - 0.90</td> </tr> <tr><td>Phosphorus, max</td> <td>0.04</td> </tr> <tr><td>Sulfur, max</td> <td>0.05</td> </tr> <tr><td>Silicon</td> <td>0.15 - 0.40</td> </tr> <tr><td>Copper, min</td> <td>0.20</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> 2021-05-17T00:00:00-05:002021-05-20T00:00:00-05:00Rob Siegwarttag:www.robsiegwart.com,2021-05-17:/astm-a500.html

<p class="first last">Summary of properties for ASTM A500</p>

<p><strong>ASTM A500-03a (2003 revision a)</strong> <em>Standard Specification for Cold-Formed Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel Structural Tubing in Rounds and Shapes</em></p> <div class="section" id="mechanical"> <h2>Mechanical</h2> <div class="section" id="round-structural-tubing"> <h3>Round Structural Tubing</h3> <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="44%" /> <col width="14%" /> <col width="14%" /> <col width="14%" /> <col width="14%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr><th class="head">Property</th> <th class="head">Grade A</th> <th class="head">Grade B</th> <th class="head">Grade C</th> <th class="head">Grade D</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr><td>Yield (psi)</td> <td>33,000</td> <td>42,000</td> <td>46,000</td> <td>36,000</td> </tr> <tr><td>Tensile (psi)</td> <td>45,000</td> <td>58,000</td> <td>62,000</td> <td>58,000</td> </tr> <tr><td>Elongation in 2 in (%)</td> <td>25</td> <td>23</td> <td>21</td> <td>23</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="section" id="shaped-structural-tubing"> <h3>Shaped Structural Tubing</h3> <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="44%" /> <col width="14%" /> <col width="14%" /> <col width="14%" /> <col width="14%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr><th class="head">&nbsp;</th> <th class="head">&nbsp;</th> <th class="head">&nbsp;</th> <th class="head">&nbsp;</th> <th class="head">&nbsp;</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr><td>Yield (psi)</td> <td>39,000</td> <td>46,000</td> <td>50,000</td> <td>36,000</td> </tr> <tr><td>Tensile (psi)</td> <td>45,000</td> <td>58,000</td> <td>62,000</td> <td>58,000</td> </tr> <tr><td>Elongation in 2 in (%)</td> <td>25</td> <td>23</td> <td>21</td> <td>23</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="tolerance"> <h2>Tolerance</h2> <div class="section" id="round-tubing"> <h3>Round Tubing</h3> <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="72%" /> <col width="28%" /> </colgroup> <tbody valign="top"> <tr><td>Up to 1.900 OD</td> <td>+/-0.5%</td> </tr> <tr><td>Greater than 2.00+ OD</td> <td>+/- 0.75%</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="section" id="square-and-rectangular-tubing"> <h3>Square and Rectangular Tubing</h3> <p>Permissible variations in outside flat dimensions for square and rectangular tubing:</p> <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="44%" /> <col width="56%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr><th class="head">Outside Large Flat (in)</th> <th class="head">Permissible Variation</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr><td>&lt; 2.5</td> <td>0.020</td> </tr> <tr><td>2.5 - 3.5</td> <td>0.025</td> </tr> <tr><td>3.5 - 5.5</td> <td>0.030</td> </tr> <tr><td>&gt; 5.5</td> <td>0.01 times the flat dimension</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="chemical"> <h2>Chemical</h2> <p>All grades:</p> <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="35%" /> <col width="65%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr><th class="head">Element</th> <th class="head">%</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr><td>C</td> <td>0.23 - 0.30</td> </tr> <tr><td>Mn</td> <td>0.35 - 1.40</td> </tr> <tr><td>P</td> <td>0.035 - 0.045</td> </tr> <tr><td>S</td> <td>0.035 - 0.045</td> </tr> <tr><td>Cu</td> <td>0.18 - 0.20</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> 2021-05-17T00:00:00-05:002021-05-24T00:00:00-05:00Rob Siegwarttag:www.robsiegwart.com,2021-05-17:/k-factor-and-bend-allowance.html

<div class="section" id="definitions"> <h2>Definitions</h2> <blockquote> <ul class="simple"> <li><em>Bend allowance</em>, <span class="math">\(L_b\)</span>, is the length of the neutral axis and is used to determine the blank length of a bent part.</li> <li>The <em>position</em> of the neutral axis depends on the radius and thickness of the bend</li> </ul> </blockquote> <div class="math"> \begin{equation*} L_b = \alpha(R + kT) \end{equation*} </div> <p>where:</p> <blockquote> <ul class="simple"> <li><span class="math">\(\alpha\)</span> is bend angle in radians</li> <li><span class="math">\(R\)</span> is the bend radius</li> <li><span class="math">\(T\)</span> is the thickness of the sheet</li> <li><span class="math">\(k\)</span> the K-Factor, a constant</li> </ul> </blockquote> <p><span class="math">\(k\)</span> is a factor proportioning the neutral axis in the thickness direction, with zero at the inner surface. Therefore, a smaller <span class="math">\(k\)</span> value places the neutral surface closer to the inside of the bend radius.</p> <p>Thus, when the neutral axis is at the center of the sheet's thickness (midplane), <span class="math">\(k = 0.5\)</span>. For sharp bends with a small <span class="math">\(R/T\)</span> ratio, the neutral axis shifts towards the center of the bend and the factor <span class="math">\(k\)</span> decreases. This causes the blank length to be smaller than the case of when it is at the midplane.</p> <p>The engineering strain in a sheet during bending is:</p> <div class="math"> \begin{equation*} e=\frac{1}{(2R/T) + 1} \end{equation*} </div> </div> <div class="section" id="rules-of-thumb"> <h2>Rules of Thumb</h2> <p><span class="math">\(k\)</span> vales range from 0.33 for <span class="math">\(R&lt;2T\)</span> to 0.5 for <span class="math">\(R &gt; 2T\)</span>.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="minimum-bend-radius-for-various-materials-at-room-temperature"> <h2>Minimum Bend Radius for Various Materials at Room Temperature</h2> <p>Values in this table are based on the minimum bend radius, which is that radius which does not produce a crack in the outer fibers when bent. This is dependent on material properties and in particular the reduction of area.</p> <div class="math"> \begin{equation*} R = T\left(\frac{50}{r} - 1\right) \end{equation*} </div> <p>where <span class="math">\(r\)</span> = reduction of area.</p> <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="67%" /> <col width="19%" /> <col width="14%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr><th class="head">Material</th> <th class="head">Soft</th> <th class="head">Hard</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr><td>Aluminum alloys</td> <td>0</td> <td>6T</td> </tr> <tr><td>Beryllium copper</td> <td>0</td> <td>4T</td> </tr> <tr><td>Brass, low-leaded</td> <td>0</td> <td>2T</td> </tr> <tr><td>Magnesium</td> <td>5T</td> <td>13T</td> </tr> <tr><td>Austenitic stainless steel</td> <td>0.5T</td> <td>6T</td> </tr> <tr><td>Low-carbon, low-alloy, HSLA</td> <td>0.5T</td> <td>4T</td> </tr> <tr><td>Titanium</td> <td>0.7T</td> <td>3T</td> </tr> <tr><td>Titanium alloys</td> <td>2.6T</td> <td>4T</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="section" id="references"> <h2>References</h2> <ol class="arabic simple"> <li>Manufacturing Engineering and Technology, Kalpakjian, 3rd Ed.</li> </ol> </div> <script type='text/javascript'>if (!document.getElementById('mathjaxscript_pelican_#%@#$@#')) { var align = "center", indent = "0em", linebreak = "false"; if (false) { align = (screen.width < 768) ? 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<p class="first last">Summary of properties for ASTM A516</p>

<p><strong>ASTM A516/A516M-05</strong> <em>Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Carbon Steel, for Moderate- and Lower-Temperature Service</em></p> <p>Four grades are contained in this specification:</p> <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="19%" /> <col width="81%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr><th class="head">Grade</th> <th class="head">Tensile Strength, ksi</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr><td>55</td> <td>55-75</td> </tr> <tr><td>60</td> <td>60-80</td> </tr> <tr><td>65</td> <td>65-85</td> </tr> <tr><td>70</td> <td>70-90</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="section" id="mechanical-properties"> <h2>Mechanical Properties</h2> <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="40%" /> <col width="15%" /> <col width="15%" /> <col width="15%" /> <col width="15%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr><th class="head">Property</th> <th class="head">Grade 55</th> <th class="head">Grade 60</th> <th class="head">Grade 65</th> <th class="head">Grade 70</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr><td>Tensile strength, ksi</td> <td>55-75</td> <td>60-80</td> <td>65-85</td> <td>70-90</td> </tr> <tr><td>Yield strength, ksi</td> <td>30</td> <td>32</td> <td>35</td> <td>38</td> </tr> <tr><td>Elongation in 8 in, %</td> <td>23</td> <td>21</td> <td>19</td> <td>17</td> </tr> <tr><td>Elongation in 2 in, %</td> <td>27</td> <td>25</td> <td>23</td> <td>21</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="section" id="chemical-properties"> <h2>Chemical Properties</h2> <p>Values are aggregated across all sizes.</p> <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="22%" /> <col width="20%" /> <col width="20%" /> <col width="20%" /> <col width="20%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr><th class="head">Element</th> <th class="head">Grade 55</th> <th class="head">Grade 60</th> <th class="head">Grade 65</th> <th class="head">Grade 70</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr><td>Carbon</td> <td>0.18-0.26</td> <td>0.21-0.27</td> <td>0.24-0.29</td> <td>0.27-0.31</td> </tr> <tr><td>Manganese</td> <td>0.60-1.30</td> <td>0.60-1.30</td> <td>0.79-1.30</td> <td>0.79-1.30</td> </tr> <tr><td>Phosphorus</td> <td>0.035</td> <td>0.035</td> <td>0.035</td> <td>0.035</td> </tr> <tr><td>Sulfur</td> <td>0.035</td> <td>0.035</td> <td>0.035</td> <td>0.035</td> </tr> <tr><td>Silicon</td> <td>0.13-0.45</td> <td>0.13-0.45</td> <td>0.13-0.45</td> <td>0.13-0.45</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> 2021-05-17T02:19:45+00:002021-05-17T02:19:45+00:00Rob Siegwarttag:www.robsiegwart.com,2021-05-17:/bolting-materials.html

<p class="first last">Summary of SAE and ASTM bolt grades.</p>

<div class="section" id="sae"> <h2>SAE</h2> <table class="wide-table"> <thead> <tr> <th>Grade</th> <th>Material</th> <th>Size Range, in</th> <th>Min UTS, ksi</th> <th>Min Yield, ksi</th> <th>Min Proof, ksi</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>Low or medium-carbon</td> <td>1/4 - 1 1/2</td> <td>60</td> <td>36</td> <td>33</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Low or medium-carbon</td> <td>1/4 - 3/4</td> <td>74</td> <td>57</td> <td>55</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td>7/8 - 1 1/2</td> <td>60</td> <td>36</td> <td>33</td> </tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Medium-carbon, cold drawn</td> <td>1/4 - 1 1/2</td> <td>115</td> <td>100</td> <td>65</td> </tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>Medium-carbon, Q&amp;T</td> <td>1/4 - 1</td> <td>120</td> <td>92</td> <td>85</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1 1/8 - 1 1/2</td> <td>150</td> <td>81</td> <td>74</td> </tr> <tr> <td>5.2</td> <td>Low-carbon martensite, Q&amp;T</td> <td>1/4 - 1</td> <td>120</td> <td>92</td> <td>85</td> </tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>Medium-carbon allow, Q&amp;T</td> <td>1/4 - 1 1/2</td> <td>133</td> <td>115</td> <td>105</td> </tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>Medium-carbon allow, Q&amp;T</td> <td>1/4 - 1 1/2</td> <td>150</td> <td>130</td> <td>120</td> </tr> <tr> <td>8.2</td> <td>Low-carbon martensite, Q&amp;T</td> <td>1/4 - 1</td> <td>150</td> <td>130</td> <td>120</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div> <div class="section" id="astm"> <h2>ASTM</h2> <table class="wide-table"> <thead> <tr> <th>Class</th> <th>Material</th> <th>Size Range, in</th> <th>Min UTS, ksi</th> <th>Min Yield, ksi</th> <th>Min Proof, ksi</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>A307</td> <td>Low-carbon</td> <td>1/4 - 1 1/2</td> <td>60</td> <td>36</td> <td>33</td> </tr> <tr> <td>A325, type 1*</td> <td>Medium-carbon, Q&amp;T</td> <td>1/2 - 1</td> <td>120</td> <td>92</td> <td>85</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1 1/8 - 1 1/2</td> <td>105</td> <td>81</td> <td>74</td> </tr> <tr> <td>A325, type 2*</td> <td>Medium-carbon, Q&amp;T</td> <td>1/2 - 1</td> <td>120</td> <td>92</td> <td>85</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1 1/8 - 1 1/2</td> <td>105</td> <td>81</td> <td>74</td> </tr> <tr> <td>A325, type 3*</td> <td>Weathering steel, Q&amp;T</td> <td>1/2 - 1</td> <td>120</td> <td>92</td> <td>85</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1 1/8 - 1 1/2</td> <td>105</td> <td>81</td> <td>74</td> </tr> <tr> <td>A354, Gr BC</td> <td>Alloy steel, Q&amp;T</td> <td>1/2 - 2 1/2</td> <td>125</td> <td>109</td> <td>105</td> </tr> <tr> <td>A354, Gr BD</td> <td>Alloy steel, Q&amp;T</td> <td>1/4 - 4</td> <td>150</td> <td>130</td> <td>120</td> </tr> <tr> <td>A449</td> <td>Medium-carbon, Q&amp;T</td> <td>1/4 - 1</td> <td>120</td> <td>92</td> <td>85</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1 1/8 - 1 1/2</td> <td>105</td> <td>81</td> <td>74</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1 3/4 - 3</td> <td>90</td> <td>58</td> <td>55</td> </tr> <tr> <td>A490 Typ. 1*</td> <td>Alloy steel, Q&amp;T</td> <td></td> <td>150</td> <td>130</td> <td>120</td> </tr> </tbody> </table><p>* <em>Standards A325 and A490 were withdrawn by ASTM in 2016 and replaced by ASTM F3125.</em></p> </div> 2021-05-17T02:15:52+00:002021-05-24T18:21:11+00:00Rob Siegwarttag:www.robsiegwart.com,2021-05-17:/constant-acceleration-equations.html

<p class="first last">Summary of equations of motion for constant acceleration</p>

<ul class="simple"> <li>acceleration, <span class="math">\(a\)</span></li> <li>velocity, <span class="math">\(v\)</span></li> <li>position, <span class="math">\(x\)</span></li> <li>time, <span class="math">\(t\)</span></li> </ul> <div class="math"> \begin{equation*} v = v_0 + at \end{equation*} </div> <div class="math"> \begin{equation*} x = x_0 + \frac{1}{2}(v + v_0)t \end{equation*} </div> <div class="math"> \begin{equation*} x ~= x_0 + v_0t + \frac{1}{2}at^2 \end{equation*} </div> <div class="math"> \begin{equation*} 2a(x - x_0) = v^2 - v^2 \end{equation*} </div> <script type='text/javascript'>if (!document.getElementById('mathjaxscript_pelican_#%@#$@#')) { var align = "center", indent = "0em", linebreak = "false"; if (false) { align = (screen.width < 768) ? "left" : align; indent = (screen.width < 768) ? "0em" : indent; linebreak = (screen.width < 768) ? 'true' : linebreak; } var mathjaxscript = document.createElement('script'); mathjaxscript.id = 'mathjaxscript_pelican_#%@#$@#'; mathjaxscript.type = 'text/javascript'; mathjaxscript.src = 'https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.3/latest.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML'; var configscript = document.createElement('script'); configscript.type = 'text/x-mathjax-config'; configscript[(window.opera ? "innerHTML" : "text")] = "MathJax.Hub.Config({" + " config: ['MMLorHTML.js']," + " TeX: { extensions: ['AMSmath.js','AMSsymbols.js','noErrors.js','noUndefined.js'], equationNumbers: { autoNumber: 'none' } }," + " jax: ['input/TeX','input/MathML','output/HTML-CSS']," + " extensions: ['tex2jax.js','mml2jax.js','MathMenu.js','MathZoom.js']," + " displayAlign: '"+ align +"'," + " displayIndent: '"+ indent +"'," + " showMathMenu: true," + " messageStyle: 'normal'," + " tex2jax: { " + " inlineMath: [ ['\\\\(','\\\\)'] ], " + " displayMath: [ ['$$','$$'] ]," + " processEscapes: true," + " preview: 'TeX'," + " }, " + " 'HTML-CSS': { " + " availableFonts: ['STIX', 'TeX']," + " preferredFont: 'STIX'," + " styles: { '.MathJax_Display, .MathJax .mo, .MathJax .mi, .MathJax .mn': {color: 'inherit ! important'} }," + " linebreaks: { automatic: "+ linebreak +", width: '90% container' }," + " }, " + "}); " + "if ('default' !== 'default') {" + "MathJax.Hub.Register.StartupHook('HTML-CSS Jax Ready',function () {" + "var VARIANT = MathJax.OutputJax['HTML-CSS'].FONTDATA.VARIANT;" + "VARIANT['normal'].fonts.unshift('MathJax_default');" + "VARIANT['bold'].fonts.unshift('MathJax_default-bold');" + "VARIANT['italic'].fonts.unshift('MathJax_default-italic');" + "VARIANT['-tex-mathit'].fonts.unshift('MathJax_default-italic');" + "});" + "MathJax.Hub.Register.StartupHook('SVG Jax Ready',function () {" + "var VARIANT = MathJax.OutputJax.SVG.FONTDATA.VARIANT;" + "VARIANT['normal'].fonts.unshift('MathJax_default');" + "VARIANT['bold'].fonts.unshift('MathJax_default-bold');" + "VARIANT['italic'].fonts.unshift('MathJax_default-italic');" + "VARIANT['-tex-mathit'].fonts.unshift('MathJax_default-italic');" + "});" + "}"; (document.body || document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]).appendChild(configscript); (document.body || document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]).appendChild(mathjaxscript); } </script>